A rain-gauge fusion framework using Box–Cox transformation and LETKF to improve reanalysis precipitation estimates over China
Available online 22 July 2026
Reanalysis precipitation products provide spatially complete and temporally continuous estimates but remain subject to biases arising from model deficiencies and physical parameterizations. This study...
Overestimated Indian Ocean Dipole amplitude in CMIP6 models arises primarily from biased dynamic air–sea coupling
Available online 20 July 2026
The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) is a major mode of interannual variability in the tropical Indian Ocean, with significant impacts on regional rainfall and extreme climate events. However, CMIP6 models...
A physics-inspired multi-source spatiotemporal deep learning model for thunderstorm gust identification
Available online 20 July 2026
Accurate identification of thunderstorm gust events remains a significant challenge due to insufficient characterization of abrupt wind speed evolution and limited capability for modeling nonlinear...
Weakening of typhoon-induced subsurface cooling in the western North Pacific during the last two decades
Available online 17 July 2026
Understanding the subsurface oceanic thermal response to typhoons has become increasingly complex owing to changes in the oceanic environment and typhoon characteristics in recent decades. To address...
Nonstationary bias correction of 10-m wind speed forecasts from the CMA-MESO model over eastern China
Available online 17 July 2026
The accuracy of numerical weather prediction is constrained by initial condition bias, systematic bias, and random bias in the model. The systematic bias often exhibits significant spatiotemporal variations,...
Enhanced runoff over the Three-River Source Region in China after 2000: Distinct response to recent global warming
Available online 16 July 2026
The runoff over the Three-River Source Region exhibits decreasing and increasing trends during 1980–1999 (P1) and 2000–2019 (P2), respectively, showing a distinct response to global warming after 2000....
How does the easterly vertical shear modulate equatorial Rossby waves? Insight from mean kinetic energy to eddy kinetic energy conversion
Available online 8 July 2026
Equatorial Rossby waves are key to tropical atmospheric variabilities and are strongly influenced by vertical wind shear. Easterly wind shear tends to confine Rossby activity to the lower troposphere,...
CMIP6 model performance in simulating three types of positive Indian Ocean Dipole and their future changes
Available online 7 July 2026
This study evaluates the performance of 40 models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) in simulating the diversity of positive Indian Ocean Dipole (pIOD) events and their projected...
Subseasonal evolution and mechanisms of quasi-biweekly compound heatwaves over the Yangtze River Basin
Available online 6 July 2026
Compound heatwaves (HWs), characterized by concurrent daytime and nighttime hot extremes, pose greater risks than daytime-only or nighttime-only events, yet their subseasonal variability over China...
Effects of K-profile parameterization on nonhydrostatic internal lee waves over a supercritical sill: The role of boundary-layer mixing
Available online 2 July 2026
Using the coupled Marine Environment Research and Forecasting Model and General Ocean Turbulence Model (MERF–GOTM), this study examines how K-profile parameterization (KPP) influences nonhydrostatic...
How well does the ERA5 reanalysis represent the integrated kinetic energy of tropical cyclones in the western North Pacific?
Available online 29 June 2026
Integrated kinetic energy (IKE) has emerged as a valuable metric for quantifying the destructive potential of tropical cyclones by incorporating both intensity and storm size. This study evaluates the...
Key physical processes of the 2024 La Niña suppression from the perspective of air–sea antagonism
Available online 29 June 2026
Many climate models significantly overestimated the likelihood of a 2024 La Niña, revealing a substantial challenge in El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) prediction. This study employs an ENSO ensemble...
Microphysical characteristics of different deep convective precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau
Available online 25 June 2026
Investigating the microphysics of deep convection over complex terrain is crucial to improving the accuracy of severe weather forecasting. The microphysical three-dimensional properties of different...
Ozone layer recovery weakens the Antarctic tundra carbon sink
Available online 22 June 2026
The accelerated healing of the Antarctic ozone hole is leading to a steady decline in ultraviolet (UV) radiation reaching Earth’s surface. Yet, the impacts of UV radiation reduction on carbon fluxes...
Distinguishing the drivers of strong versus weak cold air outbreaks: A Lagrangian energy budget perspective
Available online 22 June 2026
Cold air outbreaks (CAOs) have substantial impacts on public health, energy demand, and transportation. Here, we identify strong and weak CAO days during boreal winters over 1979–2022 across three major...
Influence of model vertical resolution on simulation of methane in the lowermost stratosphere
Available online 22 June 2026
Methane, the second most important greenhouse gas, has attracted a lot of attention due to significant uncertainties in its sources and sinks. Currently, methane emission estimation relies on the inverse...
Climate state of the Three Gorges Region in the Yangtze River Basin in 2025
Available online 16 June 2026
In 2025, the annual average temperature in the Three Gorges Region (TGR) of the Yangtze River basin was 1.1°C higher than the 1991–2020 climatological average, being the second warmest year since 1961....
Contrasting austral summer Southern Hemisphere circulation trends before and after the recovery of Antarctic stratospheric ozone
Available online 8 June 2026
Antarctic stratospheric ozone depletion drove pronounced changes in Southern Hemisphere (SH) austral summer circulation in the late 20th century, while its recovery since the early 2000s has been accompanied...
The abrupt jumping western periphery of the western North Pacific subtropical high exerts a modulating influence on rainfall regimes over North China
Available online 6 June 2026
Double rain belts are a unique yet poorly understood weather phenomenon over North China. This study investigates a double-rain-belt event over North China (23–28 July 2025) to elucidate the controlling...
Changing interactions between the Pacific Decadal Variability and Atlantic Multidecadal Variability in the past millennium
Available online 5 June 2026
The Pacific Decadal Variability (PDV) and Atlantic Multidecadal Variability (AMV) are key modes of decadal climate variability. Instrumental records suggest that PDV and AMV can modulate each other,...
Vicarious calibration of the weak-signal ocean color channels for the Fengyun-3/MERSI sensors
Available online 4 June 2026
Ocean color (OC) remote sensing plays a critical role in assessing global ocean primary productivity. However, the OC satellite sensor is critically hampered by insufficient on-orbit calibration accuracy,...
Solar forecasting with large vision–language models
Available online 1 June 2026
Prolonged seasons of compound heat–humidity extremes amplify vulnerable population exposure in eastern China
May 2026
Compound heat–humidity extremes (CTHEs) pose escalating threats to human health, particularly for vulnerable populations (children and elderly) with limited physiological adaptability. This study reveals...
The enigma of spurious echoes: Enhancing phase transition height detection in shallow convective precipitation with GPM DPR
May 2026
The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) core satellite’s Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) provides new insights into detecting solid-to-liquid phase transition heights of precipitation particles....
CLKA-LPO: A CNN-LSTM-KAN neural network for lightning potential and flash rate prediction based on atmospheric physical parameters
May 2026
Lightning poses significant risks to infrastructure and safety. Existing forecasting models depend on LPI data but often ignore the impact of atmospheric parameters on lightning. These methods are simple...