How does the easterly vertical shear modulate equatorial Rossby waves? Insight from mean kinetic energy to eddy kinetic energy conversion
Available online 8 July 2026
Equatorial Rossby waves are key to tropical atmospheric variabilities and are strongly influenced by vertical wind shear. Easterly wind shear tends to confine Rossby activity to the lower troposphere,...
CMIP6 model performance in simulating three types of positive Indian Ocean Dipole and their future changes
Available online 7 July 2026
This study evaluates the performance of 40 models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) in simulating the diversity of positive Indian Ocean Dipole (pIOD) events and their projected...
Subseasonal evolution and mechanisms of quasi-biweekly compound heatwaves over the Yangtze River Basin
Available online 6 July 2026
Compound heatwaves (HWs), characterized by concurrent daytime and nighttime hot extremes, pose greater risks than daytime-only or nighttime-only events, yet their subseasonal variability over China...
Effects of K-profile parameterization on nonhydrostatic internal lee waves over a supercritical sill: The role of boundary-layer mixing
Available online 2 July 2026
Using the coupled Marine Environment Research and Forecasting Model and General Ocean Turbulence Model (MERF–GOTM), this study examines how K-profile parameterization (KPP) influences nonhydrostatic...
How well does the ERA5 reanalysis represent the integrated kinetic energy of tropical cyclones in the western North Pacific?
Available online 29 June 2026
Integrated kinetic energy (IKE) has emerged as a valuable metric for quantifying the destructive potential of tropical cyclones by incorporating both intensity and storm size. This study evaluates the...
Key physical processes of the 2024 La Niña suppression from the perspective of air–sea antagonism
Available online 29 June 2026
Many climate models significantly overestimated the likelihood of a 2024 La Niña, revealing a substantial challenge in El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) prediction. This study employs an ENSO ensemble...
Microphysical characteristics of different deep convective precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau
Available online 25 June 2026
Investigating the microphysics of deep convection over complex terrain is crucial to improving the accuracy of severe weather forecasting. The microphysical three-dimensional properties of different...
Ozone layer recovery weakens the Antarctic tundra carbon sink
Available online 22 June 2026
The accelerated healing of the Antarctic ozone hole is leading to a steady decline in ultraviolet (UV) radiation reaching Earth’s surface. Yet, the impacts of UV radiation reduction on carbon fluxes...
Distinguishing the drivers of strong versus weak cold air outbreaks: A Lagrangian energy budget perspective
Available online 22 June 2026
Cold air outbreaks (CAOs) have substantial impacts on public health, energy demand, and transportation. Here, we identify strong and weak CAO days during boreal winters over 1979–2022 across three major...
Influence of model vertical resolution on simulation of methane in the lowermost stratosphere
Available online 22 June 2026
Methane, the second most important greenhouse gas, has attracted a lot of attention due to significant uncertainties in its sources and sinks. Currently, methane emission estimation relies on the inverse...
Climate state of the Three Gorges Region in the Yangtze River Basin in 2025
Available online 16 June 2026
In 2025, the annual average temperature in the Three Gorges Region (TGR) of the Yangtze River basin was 1.1°C higher than the 1991–2020 climatological average, being the second warmest year since 1961....
Contrasting austral summer Southern Hemisphere circulation trends before and after the recovery of Antarctic stratospheric ozone
Available online 8 June 2026
Antarctic stratospheric ozone depletion drove pronounced changes in Southern Hemisphere (SH) austral summer circulation in the late 20th century, while its recovery since the early 2000s has been accompanied...
The abrupt jumping western periphery of the western North Pacific subtropical high exerts a modulating influence on rainfall regimes over North China
Available online 6 June 2026
Double rain belts are a unique yet poorly understood weather phenomenon over North China. This study investigates a double-rain-belt event over North China (23–28 July 2025) to elucidate the controlling...
Changing interactions between the Pacific Decadal Variability and Atlantic Multidecadal Variability in the past millennium
Available online 5 June 2026
The Pacific Decadal Variability (PDV) and Atlantic Multidecadal Variability (AMV) are key modes of decadal climate variability. Instrumental records suggest that PDV and AMV can modulate each other,...
Vicarious calibration of the weak-signal ocean color channels for the Fengyun-3/MERSI sensors
Available online 4 June 2026
Ocean color (OC) remote sensing plays a critical role in assessing global ocean primary productivity. However, the OC satellite sensor is critically hampered by insufficient on-orbit calibration accuracy,...
Solar forecasting with large vision–language models
Available online 1 June 2026
Prolonged seasons of compound heat–humidity extremes amplify vulnerable population exposure in eastern China
May 2026
Compound heat–humidity extremes (CTHEs) pose escalating threats to human health, particularly for vulnerable populations (children and elderly) with limited physiological adaptability. This study reveals...
The enigma of spurious echoes: Enhancing phase transition height detection in shallow convective precipitation with GPM DPR
May 2026
The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) core satellite’s Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) provides new insights into detecting solid-to-liquid phase transition heights of precipitation particles....
CLKA-LPO: A CNN-LSTM-KAN neural network for lightning potential and flash rate prediction based on atmospheric physical parameters
May 2026
Lightning poses significant risks to infrastructure and safety. Existing forecasting models depend on LPI data but often ignore the impact of atmospheric parameters on lightning. These methods are simple...
Interannual variability of thunderstorm days over the Tibetan Plateau: Synergistic effects of the Indian Ocean basin-wide mode modulation and CAPE forcing
May 2026
This study investigates the interannual and decadal variability of dominant summer thunderstorm day anomaly modes over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) using observational data from 39 stations during 1979–2013,...
Nowcasting of cloud-to-ground lightning location and frequency based on a deep learning technique
May 2026
Predicting lightning that can cause power grid trips is significant for disaster prevention. This paper integrates cloud-to-ground lightning detection, water vapor and infrared channel as well as channel...
Research on the correlation between meteorological radar echo characteristics and lightning warning technology
May 2026
Based on radiosonde, lightning locator, and meteorological radar observational data in the central region of Shanxi Province from 2021 to 2024, the correlation between radar reflectivity characteristics...
Investigating the outer spiral tornado mechanism in Typhoon Mujigae
May 2026
To investigate how horizontal vortex tubes influenced the developmental stages of the tornado that formed in the outer rainbands of Typhoon Mujigae in Foshan, China, on 4 October 2015, the authors carried...
Thunderstorms without tropopause penetration in Central Africa produce cloud-top jet events
May 2026
Using multi-satellite observations, the authors examined 20 upward discharge events from thunderstorms (15 blue jets (BJs)/blue starters (BSs) and 5 gigantic jets (GJs)) observed by ISUAL (Imager of...
Explainable machine learning insights into nighttime heterogeneous HONO formation in urban Shanghai during winter
Available online 31 May 2026
Nitrous acid (HONO) is a key precursor of OH (hydroxyl radicals) and plays an important role in regulating air quality. However, the mechanisms driving its formation remain incompletely understood....