Cancer chemotherapy and beyond: Current status, drug candidates, associated risks and progress in targeted therapeutics
July 2023
Cancer is an abnormal state of cells where they undergo uncontrolled proliferation and produce aggressive malignancies that causes millions of deaths every year. With the new understanding of the molecular...
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Clinical applications of the CRISPR/Cas9 genome-editing system: Delivery options and challenges in precision medicine
January 2024
CRISPR/Cas9 is an effective gene editing tool with broad applications for the prevention or treatment of numerous diseases. It depends on CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)...
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Canonical and noncanonical Wnt signaling: Multilayered mediators, signaling mechanisms and major signaling crosstalk
January 2024
Wnt signaling plays a major role in regulating cell proliferation and differentiation. The Wnt ligands are a family of 19 secreted glycoproteins that mediate their signaling effects via binding to Frizzled...
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Breast cancer development and progression: Risk factors, cancer stem cells, signaling pathways, genomics, and molecular pathogenesis
June 2018
As the most commonly occurring cancer in women worldwide, breast cancer poses a formidable public health challenge on a global scale. Breast cancer consists of a group of biologically and molecularly...
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Age-related macular degeneration: Epidemiology, genetics, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and targeted therapy
January 2022
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex eye disorder and is the leading cause of incurable blindness worldwide in the elderly. Clinically, AMD initially affects the central area of retina...
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Pretreating and normalizing metabolomics data for statistical analysis
May 2024
Metabolomics as a research field and a set of techniques is to study the entire small molecules in biological samples. Metabolomics is emerging as a powerful tool generally for precision medicine. Particularly,...
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Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) signaling in development and human diseases
September 2014
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) are a group of signaling molecules that belongs to the Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily of proteins. Initially discovered for their ability to induce...
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The Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-kB) signaling in cancer development and immune diseases
May 2021
The nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) family of transcription factors plays an essential role as stressors in the cellular environment, and controls the expression of important regulatory genes such as...
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Targeting RAS–RAF–MEK–ERK signaling pathway in human cancer: Current status in clinical trials
January 2023
Molecular target inhibitors have been regularly approved by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for tumor treatment, and most of them intervene in tumor cell proliferation and metabolism. The RAS–RAF–MEK–ERK...
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Recombinant adeno-associated virus 8 vector in gene therapy: Opportunities and challenges
January 2024
In recent years, significant breakthroughs have been made in the field of gene therapy. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is one of the most promising gene therapy vectors and a powerful tool for delivering...
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A new emerging target in cancer immunotherapy: Galectin-9 (LGALS9)
November 2023
Over the past few decades, advances in immunological knowledge have led to the identification of novel immune checkpoints, reinvigorating cancer immunotherapy. Immunotherapy, represented by immune checkpoint...
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The evolving roles of Wnt signaling in stem cell proliferation and differentiation, the development of human diseases, and therapeutic opportunities
May 2024
The evolutionarily conserved Wnt signaling pathway plays a central role in development and adult tissue homeostasis across species. Wnt proteins are secreted, lipid-modified signaling molecules that...
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A comprehensive review of animal models for cancer cachexia: Implications for translational research
November 2024
Cancer cachexia is a multifactorial syndrome characterized by progressive weight loss and a disease process that nutritional support cannot reverse. Although progress has been made in preclinical research,...
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Endometrial stem/progenitor cells: Properties, origins, and functions
May 2023
The endometrium is the inner mucosal lining of the uterus that undergoes extensive cyclic growth, regeneration, differentiation, and shedding throughout the menstrual cycle in response to steroid hormones....
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Diagnosis of early-stage non-small cell lung cancer using DNA methylation in tissue and plasma
Available online 28 January 2025
DNA methylation is a key epigenetic alteration in tumorigenesis. However, its diagnostic value in early-stage lung cancer, particularly through circulating cell-free DNA, remains unclear. In this study,...
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The biogenesis and secretion of exosomes and multivesicular bodies (MVBs): Intercellular shuttles and implications in human diseases
September 2023
Exosomes carry and transmit signaling molecules used for intercellular communication. The generation and secretion of exosomes is a multistep interlocking process that allows simultaneous control of...
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CRISPR/Cas9 system and its applications in nervous system diseases
March 2024
The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) system is an acquired immune system of many bacteria and archaea, comprising CRISPR loci, Cas...
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Research progress on the use of traditional Chinese medicine to treat diseases by regulating ferroptosis
May 2025
Ferroptosis is an emerging form of programmed cell death triggered by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. It is distinguished from other forms of cell death by its unique morphological changes and characteristic...
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Mitochondrial dysfunction: A promising therapeutic target for liver diseases
May 2024
The liver is an important metabolic and detoxification organ and hence demands a large amount of energy, which is mainly produced by the mitochondria. Liver tissues of patients with alcohol-related...
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Mechanism of PARP inhibitor resistance and potential overcoming strategies
January 2024
PARP inhibitors (PARPi) are a kind of cancer therapy that targets poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. PARPi is the first clinically approved drug to exert synthetic lethality by obstructing the DNA single-strand...
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Temozolomide resistance in glioblastoma multiforme
September 2016
Temozolomide (TMZ) is an oral alkylating agent used to treat glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and astrocytomas. However, at least 50% of TMZ treated patients do not respond to TMZ. This is due primarily...
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Twenty years of Gendicine® rAd-p53 cancer gene therapy: The first-in-class human cancer gene therapy in the era of personalized oncology
July 2024
Genetic mutations in TP53 contribute to human malignancies through various means. To date, there have been a variety of therapeutic strategies targeting p53, including gene therapy to restore normal...
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Molecular mechanism of tumor-infiltrating immune cells regulating endometrial carcinoma
May 2025
Endometrial carcinoma (EC) is a prevalent gynecological cancer, and its interaction with the immune system is pivotal in cancer progression. This comprehensive review explores the molecular mechanisms...
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Dirty environment for adult life: The bad, the good, the unknown
September 2016
We know the bad things of dirty environment which is associated with infectious diseases. In this Research Watch, we discuss the good and the unknown of dirty environment, based on a recent Nature paper....
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Oncogenic activation of PIK3CA in cancers: Emerging targeted therapies in precision oncology
March 2025
Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are heterodimers consisting of a p110 catalytic subunit and a p85 regulatory subunit. The PIK3CA gene, which encodes the p110α, is the most frequently mutated oncogene...
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