Compound extreme events and health risks in China: A review
September 2025
Against the backdrop of global warming, China has been facing increasingly frequent and severe extreme weather and climate events, with a prominent risk of compound extreme events induced by interactions...
State of China’s climate in 2024
September 2025
The year 2024 witnessed remarkable climatic anomalies across China, characterized by pronounced warm and wet conditions. The annual mean temperature soared to a record high since 1951, with seasonal...
Synoptic background conditions and moisture transport for producing the extreme heavy rainfall event in Valencia in 2024
November 2025
From 26 October to 2 November 2024, Spain experienced a record-breaking rainfall event, with the most intense episode appearing in Valencia Province. During the event, Turis station recorded a historic...
The extreme windstorm of April 2025 in northern and central-eastern China: Historical ranking and synoptic origins
November 2025
In mid-April 2025, northern and central-eastern China experienced a catastrophic compound disaster marked by Beaufort 8 or greater wind gusts affecting ∼3.5 × 106 km2, exposing ∼610 million residents...
State of China's climate in 2023
September 2024
China witnessed a warm and dry climate in 2023. The annual surface air temperature reached a new high of 10.71°C, with the hottest autumn and the second hottest summer since 1961. Meanwhile, the annual...
CLKA-LPO: A CNN-LSTM-KAN neural network for lightning potential and flash rate prediction based on atmospheric physical parameters
Available online 11 July 2025
Lightning poses significant risks to infrastructure and safety. Existing forecasting models depend on LPI data but often ignore the impact of atmospheric parameters on lightning. These methods are simple...
Classification of marine heatwaves in the South China Sea and their thermodynamic features
Available online 12 June 2025
The frequency of marine heatwaves (MHWs) in the South China Sea (SCS) has increased recently. However, the relative roles of thermal and dynamic processes regulating the changes of SCS MHWs remain an...
A new approach for identifying dominant cloud types and relationships between cloud types and precipitation vertical structure in tropical regions
November 2025
Cloud type profoundly affects precipitation, but few studies have explored its impact on precipitation scale height. The authors calculated the ratio of the volume of each cloud type to the total cloud...
Surface flux–induced salinity change and its effects on ocean stratification in response to global warming
Available online 23 April 2025
Global warming induced by increased CO2 has caused marked changes in the ocean. Previous estimates of ocean salinity change in response to global warming have considerable ambiguity, largely attributable...
Prediction of the onset of the South China Sea summer monsoon based on machine learning
Available online 8 July 2025
Accurately predicting the onset of the South China Sea (SCS) summer monsoon (SCSSM) is crucial for agricultural planning and disaster prevention for countries surrounding the SCS. However, due to the...
More extreme-heat occurrences related to humidity in China
September 2023
The co-occurrence of day and night compound heat extremes has attracted much attention because of the amplified socioeconomic and human health impacts. Based on ERA5 hourly reanalysis data, this study...
U-Net: A deep-learning method for improving summer precipitation forecasts in China
July 2023
A deep-learning method named U-Net was applied to improve the skill in forecasting summer (June–August) precipitation for at a one-month lead during the period 1981–2020 in China. The variables of geopotential...
Heat waves in summer 2022 and increasing concern regarding heat waves in general
January 2023
Image, graphical abstract...
Skillful bias correction of offshore near-surface wind field forecasting based on a multi-task machine learning model
September 2025
Accurate short-term forecast of offshore wind fields is still challenging for numerical weather prediction models. Based on three years of 48-hour forecast data from the European Centre for Medium-Range...
An effective deep-learning prediction of Arctic sea-ice concentration based on the U-Net model
Available online 17 July 2025
Current shipping, tourism, and resource development requirements call for more accurate predictions of the Arctic sea-ice concentration (SIC). However, due to the complex physical processes involved,...
3D DBSCAN detection and parameter sensitivity of the 2022 Yangtze river summertime heatwave and drought
July 2023
Spatially and temporally accurate event detection is a precondition for exploring the mechanisms of climate extremes. To achieve this, a classical unsupervised machine learning method, the DBSCAN (Density-Based...
Prolonged seasons of compound heat–humidity extremes amplify vulnerable population exposure in eastern China
Available online 17 June 2025
Compound heat–humidity extremes (CTHEs) pose escalating threats to human health, particularly for vulnerable populations (children and elderly) with limited physiological adaptability. This study reveals...
The ocean response to climate change guides both adaptation and mitigation efforts
July 2022
The ocean's thermal inertia is a major contributor to irreversible ocean changes exceeding time scales that matter to human society. This fact is a challenge to societies as they prepare for the consequences...
Infrared brightness temperature–based indicators for identifying thunderstorm clouds: Insights from FY-4A satellite observations
Available online 2 June 2025
Accurate monitoring and timely identification of early indicators of thunderstorms are of paramount importance in preventing and mitigating the potential disasters associated with such meteorological...
Comparative study on the performance of ConvLSTM and ConvGRU in classification problems—taking early warning of short-duration heavy rainfall as an example
July 2024
Convolutional long short-term memory (ConvLSTM) and convolutional gated recurrent unit (ConvGRU) are two widely adopted deep learning models that combine recurrent mechanisms with convolutional operations...
Forecast errors of tropical cyclone track and intensity by the China Meteorological Administration from 2013 to 2022
Available online 4 July 2025
This study presents a comprehensive evaluation of tropical cyclone (TC) forecast performance in the western North Pacific from 2013 to 2022, based on operational forecasts issued by the China Meteorological...
The strongest early-summer drought–flood abrupt alternation event over the Huang–Huai–Hai River Basin in 2024 since the 1980s: Perspective of anomalous subseasonal circulation evolution
September 2025
Since the 21st century, the Huang–Huai–Hai River Basin (HHHRB) in China has experienced increased frequency and severity of drought–flood abrupt alternation (DFAA) events during early summer, characterized...
Combined LFS and ConvLSTM to forecast marine heatwaves: a case study
Available online 17 July 2025
Marine heatwaves (MHWs) in the South China Sea (SCS) significantly impact marine ecosystems and socioeconomic development, yet accurately forecasting MHWs remains a challenge. This study developed an...
Nowcasting of cloud-to-ground lightning location and frequency based on a deep learning technique
Available online 20 February 2025
Predicting lightning that can cause power grid trips is significant for disaster prevention. This paper integrates cloud-to-ground lightning detection, water vapor and infrared channel as well as channel...
A novel deep learning-based framework for five‐day regional weather forecasting
Available online 26 May 2025
Deep learning-based methods have become alternatives to traditional numerical weather prediction systems, offering faster computation and the ability to utilize large historical datasets. However, the...